Understanding Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a globally recognised respiratory virus that belongs to the Pneumoviridae family. Identified in 2001, HMPV commonly causes upper respiratory infections resembling the common cold. While most individuals experience only mild symptoms, certain groups are at greater risk of developing more severe illness, including pneumonia.

Modes of HMPV Transmission

HMPV is transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces. The virus can spread in several ways:

• Airborne droplets: When an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or speaks, virus-laden droplets are released into the air and may be inhaled by others nearby.
• Surface contact: These droplets can land on surfaces such as doorknobs, handrails, or shared items and remain viable for several hours.
• Indirect contact: Touching contaminated surfaces followed by touching one’s nose, mouth, or eyes can allow the virus to enter the body.

Given its ease of transmission, maintaining personal hygiene and environmental cleanliness is crucial.

Preventing the Spread of HMPV

Minimising the risk of HMPV infection involves consistent and practical health measures:

• Cover the nose and mouth with a tissue or elbow when sneezing or coughing.
• Wash hands frequently with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitiser.
• Avoid close contact with individuals displaying cold or flu-like symptoms.
• Regularly disinfect high-touch surfaces, especially in communal or crowded areas.

These preventative practices are particularly important in childcare facilities, eldercare homes, and public transport settings.

HMPV and Its Link to Pneumonia

While HMPV generally causes mild respiratory symptoms, it can escalate to pneumonia in vulnerable individuals. The virus initially affects the upper respiratory tract, producing symptoms such as a sore throat, nasal congestion, and cough. However, in susceptible groups—such as young children, the elderly, and individuals with chronic respiratory diseases or weakened immune systems—the infection can progress into the lower lungs, causing inflammation and fluid accumulation.

Pneumonia resulting from HMPV is marked by symptoms such as persistent fever, chest discomfort, and difficulty breathing. Recognising early signs in high-risk individuals is essential for timely medical intervention and improved outcomes.

Challenges in Diagnosing and Treating HMPV-Related Pneumonia

Accurate diagnosis of pneumonia caused by HMPV remains complex. This is due to the virus’s non-specific symptoms, which closely resemble other respiratory infections such as influenza or Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). Differentiating HMPV from these conditions often requires advanced laboratory testing, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. However, these diagnostics may not always be accessible in all healthcare settings.

In the absence of targeted antiviral medications for HMPV, treatment focuses on supportive care:

• Symptom management: Paracetamol or similar medications may help reduce fever and discomfort.
• Hydration: Adequate fluid intake supports the immune system and prevents dehydration.
• Oxygen therapy: In severe cases, supplemental oxygen may be required.
• Hospital care: Individuals at high risk may need monitoring and treatment in a hospital setting.

Given the limited treatment options, early diagnosis and comprehensive supportive care are essential.

Schedule an Appointment at Gleneagles Hospitals

If you or a loved one are experiencing symptoms consistent with human metapneumovirus (hMPV) or having difficulty breathing, it’s important to seek medical attention promptly. At Gleneagles Hospitals, our multidisciplinary teams provide thorough evaluations, advanced diagnostics, and personalised care plans tailored to your respiratory health.

Appointments can be scheduled through our website or via the MyHealth360 mobile application which can be downloaded from the Google Play Store and the Apple App Store.