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Understanding Male Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is often associated with women, but it also affects men, though it is significantly rarer. Male breast cancer accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases. It typically occurs in men aged 60 to 70, but younger men can also be affected.
Male breast cancer develops in the small amount of breast tissue that men have behind their nipples. Risk factors include a family history of breast cancer, genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2), exposure to radiation, and conditions causing high oestrogen levels, such as obesity, liver disease, or Klinefelter syndrome.
Symptoms can include a painless lump near the nipple, nipple discharge, inversion of the nipple, or changes in the skin around the breast area, such as dimpling or redness. Early diagnosis significantly improves treatment outcomes, making awareness of these signs essential for prompt medical attention at Gleneagles Hospitals.
Risk Factors and Causes of Male Breast Cancer
Several factors increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer in men:
- Age: The risk increases with age, particularly for men over 60.
- Genetic Mutations: BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations can substantially raise the risk.
- Family History: Having close relatives with breast cancer increases susceptibility.
- Hormonal Imbalances: Higher oestrogen levels caused by certain medical conditions or medications.
- Radiation Exposure: Previous radiation treatment to the chest can elevate risk.
- Lifestyle Factors: Excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle are linked to increased risk.
Identifying these risk factors can guide preventive strategies and encourage at-risk individuals to seek regular health checks.
Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Male Breast Cancer
Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Male Breast Cancer
Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and improved prognosis in male breast cancer. The diagnostic process typically begins with a thorough evaluation by a healthcare provider and includes several methods:
Physical Examination: During this initial step, a doctor carefully evaluates any noticeable lumps, unusual skin changes such as dimpling or redness, and any nipple discharge. Early detection of these physical symptoms can significantly influence treatment outcomes.
Mammogram or Ultrasound: Imaging tests such as mammograms or ultrasounds are essential for detecting abnormalities within the breast tissue. A mammogram, an X-ray of the breast, is particularly effective in identifying smaller lumps or calcifications, while ultrasound can differentiate between solid tumours and fluid-filled cysts.
Biopsy: A biopsy remains the definitive method for diagnosing breast cancer. It involves extracting a small sample of suspicious breast tissue or cells, which is then examined microscopically to confirm the presence and type of cancer. Different biopsy techniques, such as fine-needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, or surgical biopsy, may be utilized depending on the specific clinical circumstances.
Genetic Testing: Given that male breast cancer is often linked to genetic factors, genetic testing for mutations, particularly in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, may be recommended. Men with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer benefit from such testing, enabling more targeted surveillance and preventive strategies.
Treatment approaches depend significantly on the stage and specific characteristics of the cancer but commonly include:
Surgery: Surgical removal of the cancerous tissue is typically the first-line treatment. Most men diagnosed with breast cancer undergo a mastectomy, involving the complete removal of the breast tissue, sometimes along with nearby lymph nodes to ensure comprehensive removal.
Radiation Therapy: Often employed following surgery, radiation therapy uses targeted, high-energy rays to eliminate residual cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence. This approach is particularly beneficial if the cancer is advanced or if it has spread to the lymph nodes.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves administering drugs either intravenously or orally to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. It can be used as an adjuvant treatment following surgery to eradicate any remaining cancer cells, or as neoadjuvant therapy prior to surgery to reduce tumor size.
Hormone Therapy: Many male breast cancers are hormone receptor-positive, meaning their growth is fueled by hormones such as oestrogen. Hormone therapies, including drugs like tamoxifen, work by blocking or lowering the body's hormone levels to inhibit cancer growth and prevent recurrence.
Targeted Therapy: Specifically designed drugs, like trastuzumab, target particular genetic characteristics of the cancer cells, such as the HER2 protein. This targeted approach is effective in treating cancers exhibiting HER2 positivity, significantly improving treatment effectiveness and patient prognosis.
Importance of Seeking Early Medical Advice
While male breast cancer is rare, it is essential to seek medical advice if you notice any unusual symptoms, regardless of how minor they may seem. Delayed diagnosis often leads to more advanced cancer stages, reducing treatment options and success rates.
Discussing your family history and genetic risk with a healthcare professional can lead to preventive measures or early screening, especially if you have known risk factors. Awareness and early intervention are key to improving survival rates.
Book an Appointment at Gleneagles Hospitals
Male breast cancer is a rare but serious condition that requires prompt attention. Recognising the symptoms, understanding the risk factors, and seeking early medical advice can make a life-saving difference.
At Gleneagles Hospitals, we offer state-of-the-art diagnostic and treatment services for breast cancer, supported by a team of experienced oncologists and advanced technology. Your health is our priority. If you have concerns or notice any symptoms, do not delay and schedule your appointment with Gleneagles Hospitals today for a comprehensive evaluation and personalised care. You may also book an appointment by downloading the MyHealth360 application from the Google Play Store or Apple App Store.